| High-pressure membrane technologies, especially reverse osmosis, have been widely used in indirect potable water reuse projects due to their high removal efficiency for unregulated and unidentified organics, as well as nutrients and bulk organic carbon. Recent developments in membrane manufacturing have resulted in "lower pressure" membranes such as ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis (ULPRO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The focus of this project is to determine if membranes operating at lower pressure can meet water quality requirements necessary for indirect potable reuse while meeting acceptable parameters such as feed pressure, permeate flux, and flux decline. For this purpose, a 19 gpm membrane pilot-skied was constructed an installed at the West Basin Water Recycling Plant (WBWRP) in El Seguando, CA in order to test the performance of two candidate "lower pressure" membranes in treating non-nitrified and nitrified wastewater effluents for indirect potable water reuse applications. |
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