Introduction
As part of an American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF) research project to evaluate conventional and advanced treatment processes for the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals (Project #2758), several experiments were conducted using membranes and activated carbon. A series of dynamic flow-through membrane experiments were performed at pilot- and full-scale to determine the removal of micropollutants. Various membrane configurations were investigated including: reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis reversal (EDR), and membrane bioreactors. Activated carbon tests were performed at bench-scale using both powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC). Several full-scale plants were also evaluated as a comparison to predictions from pilot-scale. In general, observations at pilot-scale agreed well with full-scale measurements. |
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